Menu
eMediHealth Logo
Subscribe
No Result
View All Result
eMediHealth Logo
Subscribe
No Result
View All Result

Home > Nervous System > Brain > 8 Early Signs and Symptoms of Dementia

8 Early Signs and Symptoms of Dementia

February 22, 2023
11 min read
By Dr. Arif Maghribi Khan, MBBS, MD | Mental Health Counselor

In this article:

  • Signs and Symptoms of Dementia
  • Risk Factors for Dementia
  • Additional Tips for Caring for a Patient With Dementia
  • When to See a Doctor
  • Most-Asked Questions About Dementia
  • Final Word

Dementia is a medical condition characterized by the rapid decline in different types of brain functions such as memory, problem solving, attention, language, orientation, and decision making.

early warning signs of dementia

It can be triggered by various diseases or injuries that directly or indirectly affect the brain, but Alzheimer’s accounts for 60–70% of all dementia cases. (1) It can even be triggered by illnesses that start in other parts of the body. (2)

Dementia is most prevalent among the geriatric (old age) population and makes their brain degenerate much faster than what is considered biologically normal.

However, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) affects younger people with dementia much more than older patients. It is most commonly diagnosed in people between the ages of 45 and 65 years. (3)

Advertisements

This condition is basically a group of neurocognitive syndromes characterized by reduced executive functioning, behavioral changes, and loss of language proficiency.

Of all the diseases, dementia figures as the seventh leading cause of mortality worldwide. Plus, it accounts for a lot of disability and dependency among older people globally. (4)

Dementia affects nearly 55 million people around the world with more than 60% of the patients living in low- and middle-income countries. Since the percentage of the older population is growing in almost all countries, it is estimated that dementia cases will increase to 78 million by 2030 and 139 million by 2050. (5)

Signs and Symptoms of Dementia

Dementia is a fast-progressing disease, so it is important to diagnose it early and seek timely treatment. Unfortunately, the absence of any physical symptoms makes it hard to detect.

Here are some warning signs that you should look out for to catch the illness in the initial stages.

1. Loss of memory

Memory loss is one of the initial symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, which gets progressively worse. This form of dementia is quite common among the elderly population, and its incidence increases as one gets older. It affects nearly 5% of 70-year-olds and 50% of those who have crossed the age of 90 years. (6)

Advertisements

The inability to remember the most basic things can render you totally dependent on others. Thus, a majority of patients with Alzheimer’s disease require round-the-clock assistance to perform their daily tasks. (7)

2. Misplacing things

frequent misplacing of things can be an early warning sign of dementia

Another major symptom of Alzheimer’s disease is that patients often misplace objects. This is largely related to the memory lapse associated with dementia, which makes it difficult for the patients to remember where they last put an object.

Some patients also develop a tendency to place objects in weird places or deliberately hide them.

It is normal for older people to forget things once in a while because of age-related decline in memory, but dementia makes it considerably worse. This neurodegenerative disorder makes you lose all sense of your surroundings and severely diminishes your recall ability.

As the disease progresses, the patients will find it more and more difficult to remember where they kept a thing, where they had it last, and where it might be.

The constant misplacing of objects and the inability to remember where they are can significantly hamper their everyday life and functioning. (8)

Advertisements

3. Trouble communicating

People with dementia find it increasingly difficult to express themselves and comprehend others as the disease progresses.

This gradual loss of comprehension and communication can also be the result of impaired vision or hearing, (9) which routinely affects geriatric adults, so it’s best to rule that out first.

The cognitive decline brought on by dementia will inadvertently impair the patient’s ability to think, speak, and understand over time.

4. Swallowing difficulties

Damage to the esophagus over the years can make it difficult for the patient to swallow in their old age.

Moreover, the nerves and muscles that control swallowing tend to become weaker or dysfunctional as they grow older. Thus, it is common for the elderly to have trouble swallowing, more so if they have dementia.

Dementia speeds up the onset of this kind of swallowing impairment and makes it more severe. (10) Nearly 13%–57% of all patients with dementia suffer from this problem, while it affects as many as 53%–60% of those in long-term care. (10)

Advertisements

5. Aggression and agitation

Almost 90% of dementia patients experience behavioral and psychological symptoms such as aggression, agitation, psychosis, anxiety, depression, and apathy, which tend to be more distressing than memory decline.

Patients that become too agitated or aggressive can be hard to control without strong medications that typically come with serious side effects. The drugs that are routinely prescribed to curb such harmful behaviors are known to increase the risk of falls, heart disease, stroke, and even death. (11)(12)

6. Eating difficulties

in dementia patients, eating difficulties can be an early warning sign

The cognitive and behavioral dysfunction triggered by dementia can adversely impact the patient’s eating pattern.

Advertisements

The mental decline makes it difficult for the patients to buy groceries or prepare meals by themselves, and the condition only gets worse with time. They may not even remember to eat or don’t understand the need for it, which will result in skipped meals.

In the advanced stages of dementia, patients may find it hard to recognize foods and eat on their own. They often get distracted while eating and wander off. (13)(10)

Someone else has to remind them to eat, keep an eye on them to make sure they finish the meal and even feed them.

7. Sleeping problems

Patients with dementia usually suffer from sleep disturbances during the night.

The lack of restful uninterrupted sleep at night renders them drowsy throughout the next day. So, they take multiple short naps during daytime to compensate for the loss of proper nighttime slumber.

Moreover, dementia can also make the patient more prone to medically diagnosed sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea. (14)

8. Poor reasoning and judgment

Dementia compromises the patient’s ability to think logically, which results in poor decision making.

It is completely normal for people to make occasional errors in judgment, especially as they get older and their mental faculties are not as sharp as before. But dementia makes a person take absurd decisions so frequently that it begins to compromise their personal, professional, and social lives.

This inability to take control of their life might even reflect in their physical appearance, which will become quite shabby and unkempt. (15)

Risk Factors for Dementia

Here are some things that can make a person susceptible to dementia:

risk factors that can predispose you to dementia
  • Old age (over the age of 65 years)
  • Family history
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Poorly managed diabetes (16)
  • High cholesterol levels (16)
  • Mid-life obesity (16)
  • High blood pressure
  • Smoking
  • History of brain or head trauma (1)
  • Sleep apnea (17)
  • Deficiency of vitamin D, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate (18)
  • People who do not remain active in meeting different people and learning different things
  • Excessive intake of red meat, processed meats, high-calorie foods, saturated fatty acids, refined grains, sweets, alcohol, and desserts (19)

Additional Tips for Caring for a Patient With Dementia

  • Make sure that the patient’s eyeglasses and hearing aid are in good condition, as these two play an important role in old age regardless of dementia.
  • Let the elderly person do as much of his/her personal work as possible.
  • Dignity is so important – bathe the elderly patient with underpants on.
  • Make sure there are no falls.
  • Establish a regular toilet routine with love.
  • Limit intake of fluids at bedtime.
  • Consider special pads for incontinence of urine.
  • Feed food in small portions. Give the patient finger foods and fruits cut into small pieces.
  • Patients who tend to wander away from home should always have an identification card with phone numbers on their person.
  • Keep the patient away from the sight of doors, keys, and shoes as they may be taken by the patient as a sign to go out.

When to See a Doctor

The earlier, the better, and there are no simple answers as to when to see a doctor.

Still see a doctor immediately if the patient:

  • Gets violent
  • Refuses to eat and even take water, leading to dehydration
  • Exhibits the first signs of infection, falling, or facial droop

Most-Asked Questions About Dementia

Can dementia be prevented?

Some of the risk factors associated with dementia are beyond your control such as age, family history, and genes. However, there are things you can do to manage the controllable risk factors to lower your odds of developing dementia.

  • Take extra precautions to avoid head injuries or trauma, especially if you have suffered one previously or if you have a brain tumor.
  • There isn’t much research about ways to lower the risk of dementia, but experts emphasize the need for proper nutrition to keep your brain healthy and prevent this condition. So, it is very important to consume a healthy well-balanced diet.
  • Stay active and exercise regularly.
  • Maintain a healthy weight.
  • Properly manage chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and obesity as they can make you more susceptible to dementia in old age if left untreated. (16)
  • Quit smoking.
  • Limit your alcohol intake.
  • Consult your doctor for additional lifestyle changes, especially if you are already at high risk of dementia.

What are the foods that can help prevent dementia?

some foods that may help prevent dementia

Leafy greens, berries, nuts, olive oil, flaxseeds, fatty fish such as tuna and salmon, broccoli, cauliflower, spices such as turmeric and cinnamon, sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, and pumpkin seeds all contain antioxidants and nutrients such as vitamin E, zinc, omega-3s, and choline that reduce cognitive decline.

What are the treatment options for dementia?

As mentioned earlier in this article, the most important ways to reduce your risk of dementia are to manage your blood pressure, control your weight, and engage in regular physical activity along with reading books and newspapers and interacting with different people.

The doctor may prescribe certain medications to help control the severity and worsening of dementia symptoms. Since Alzheimer’s disease is the most prevalent variant of dementia, you mainly get drugs for this condition. Donepezil, rivastigmine, memantine, and galantamine are often used to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease.

Only take medicine and medical advice from a neurologist rather than trusting the recommendation of others.

Some counselors also recommend nonpharmacological interventions such as cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) to manage dementia. It basically entails participating in group activities and exercises designed to improve language ability, memory, and problem-solving skills.

Is there any chance of dementia in younger patients?

AIDS in younger patients can be a cause of dementia.

How is dementia diagnosed?

The doctor will look for medical causes of dementia such as diabetes and heart, kidney, lung, or liver disorders as well as infection, followed by a neurological examination.

In many cases, loss of smell (1st cranial nerve) may be an early symptom of dementia or frontal lobe lesion. Diagnostic tests are based on suspected etiology and usually include ESR, complete blood count, vitamin B12 and folate assays, chest X-ray, and CT scan.

Final Word

Dementia affects a lot of people around the world and its incidence is only expected to rise. This is not a specific illness, but a collection of symptoms that severely hinder your cognitive function and social abilities to render you dependent on others.

It can be triggered by various diseases, which can manifest differently from one another, but the above-listed symptoms are common in most cases.

Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of dementia, and it largely affects people above the age of 65 years. There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease and its associated dementia, but it may be reversible if the underlying cause is treatable.

Dementia is generally managed through a multidimensional, interprofessional approach that includes medication, therapies, and other interventions. Early treatment can help reduce the need for hospitalization and emergency department visits. (13)

References
  1. Emmady PD, Tadi P, Del Pozo E. Dementia (Nursing) [Updated 2022 May 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570552/.
  2. DA; AZB. What is dementia? JAMA. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31688886/.
  3. Young JJ, Lavakumar M, Tampi D, Balachandran S, Tampi RR. Frontotemporal dementia: Latest evidence and clinical implications. Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5761910/. Published January 2018.
  4. GBD 2019 Collaborators. Global mortality from dementia: Application of a new method and results from the global burden of disease study 2019. Alzheimer’s & dementia (New York, N. Y.). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8315276/. Published July 27, 2021.
  5. Dementia. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia.
  6. Jahn H. Memory loss in alzheimer’s disease. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898682/. Published December 2013.
  7. Kumar A, Sidhu J, Goyal A, et al. Alzheimer Disease. [Updated 2022 Jun 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499922/.
  8. read ETmin. Alzheimer’s disease symptoms: Misplacing items. AlzheimersDisease.net. https://alzheimersdisease.net/symptoms/misplacing-things.
  9. Department of Health & Human Services. Dementia – communication. Better Health Channel. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/dementia-communication. Published June 27, 2000.
  10. Sura L, Madhavan A, Carnaby G, Crary MA. Dysphagia in the elderly: Management and nutritional considerations. Clinical interventions in aging. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426263/. Published 2012.
  11. Stephanie Collier MD. What’s the best way to manage agitation related to dementia? Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/whats-the-best-way-to-manage-agitation-related-to-dementia-2020021418816. Published February 14, 2020.
  12. Koenig AM, Arnold SE, Streim JE. Agitation and irritability in alzheimer’s disease: Evidenced-based treatments and the black-box warning. Current psychiatry reports. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6483820/. Published January 2016.
  13. Dementia. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/dementia/#collapse_2.
  14. Rose KM, Lorenz R. Sleep disturbances in dementia. Journal of gerontological nursing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3062259/. Published May 2010.
  15. 10 warning signs. Alzheimers New Zealand. https://alzheimers.org.nz/about-dementia/10-warning-signs/. Published July 15, 2021.
  16. Feinkohl I, Lachmann G, Brockhaus W-R, et al. Association of obesity, diabetes and hypertension with cognitive impairment in older age. Clinical epidemiology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6064155/. Published July 25, 2018.
  17. Guay-Gagnon M; Vat S; Forget MF; Tremblay-Gravel M; Ducharme S; Nguyen QD; Desmarais P; Sleep apnea and the risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of sleep research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35366021/.
  18. Agnew-Blais JC, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kang JH, et al. Folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 intake and mild cognitive impairment and probable dementia in the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312724/. Published February 2015.
  19. Zhang H, Greenwood DC, Risch HA, Bunce D, Hardie LJ, Cade JE. Meat consumption and risk of incident dementia: Cohort Study of 493,888 UK Biobank participants. The American journal of clinical nutrition. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8246598/. Published July 1, 2021.
  • Was this article helpful?
  • YES, THANKS!NOT REALLY
Spread the Love❤️
Advertisements
Advertisements
Advertisements
Advertisements

Newsletter

Get our BEST updates delivered to your inbox:



This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.

Categories

  • Nutrition
  • Wellness
  • Oral Care
  • Eye Care
  • Heart Health
  • Skin & Beauty
  • Women’s Health
  • Ear, Nose & Throat
  • Respiratory Health

Links

  • Home
  • About Us
  • Contact
  • Privacy Policy
  • Terms and Conditions
  • Cookie Policy
  • Editorial Policy
  • Advertising Policy
  • Subscribe to Newsletter
eMediHealth

This site provides content for informational purposes only. The information provided is not intended for use as medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. In case of a medical concern or emergency, please consult your healthcare provider.

This website is certified by Health On the Net Foundation.

Our Network: Little Extra

© 2019 eMediHealth. All rights reserved.

No Result
View All Result
  • Nutrition
  • Skin & Beauty
  • Wellness
  • Yoga & Meditation
  • Women’s Health
  • Heart Health
  • Allergy & Immunology
  • Bones & Joints
  • Child Health
  • Digestive
  • Ear, Nose & Throat
  • Eye Care
  • Glands & Hormones
  • Health News
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Mental Health
  • Nervous System
  • Oral Care
  • Pain Management
  • Respiratory Health
  • Sleep Disorders
  • Urological Health

© 2019 eMediHealth. All rights reserved.